Study on Developmental
Measures in the Search for Missing Children in
韓国行方不明児の捜索の研究
Kim, Jongwoo
(Head, Special Agency for Missing Children)
韓国行方不明児センター ジョンウー・キム所長
1.
The Definition and State of Missing Children
1)
Definition of Missing Child
According
to Article 2 of the Protection and Support of Missing Children and Others Act,
“missing children and others” are children, under the age of 14 at the age of
report, and handicapped persons who are suffering from mental retardation,
developmental disability, or mental disorder, who have been separated from
their guardians by force, allurement, abandonment, or accident, or have eloped
or become geographically disoriented.
In
the case of children, the age limit is for children under 14, but in the case
of handicapped persons, adults are included as well.
Missing
children have been considered traditionally as being passively missing due to
disorientation; however, since many other reasons exist for their
disappearance, such as kidnapping, allurement, abandonment, accident, and
eloping, only after they are found again can the real cause be ascertained.
When
a missing child is classified as a stray child, there is a high possibility
that the police search and investigation will be lax, leading to delays in
being found, or harm or accident to the missing child; therefore, all options
must be considered as the search for the child continues.
Subsequently,
this Act is using the term “missing child” as a comprehensive term encompassing
all possible situations of disappearance, and this paper will also use “missing
child”, but this paper will be limited to children only, even though the Act
concerns itself with handicapped persons as well, since this is a child welfare
related seminar.
2)
Brief History of the Missing Child Search Endeavors
Systematic
beginning of the missing child search endeavors occurred on May 1, 1986. At the
time, missing children were on the rise, and the lack of systematic
countermeasures led to repeated appeals by parents of missing children, subsequently
resulting in many parents joining forces to visit different institutions in
person to find the missing children.
Additionally,
the media addressed the endeavors for the search of missing children, and
public attention was gained, with missing child search endeavors being made by
the Korea Housewives Club, the Korea Life Rescue Service, and the Korean Red
Cross.
The
government recognized the severity of the missing child situation, and
authorized founding of the General Child Search Center within the Korea Welfare
Foundation (Korea Children’s Foundation at the time) to take a leading role in
the search for missing children.
The
Korea Welfare Foundation (
The
National Police Agency opened the 182 Phone Inquiry Center on June 1984 for the
work of receiving reports on missing children, runaway children, unidentified
deaths, and automobiles. In 1987, it changed its official title to the Center
for the Inquiry of the Location of People and Automobiles, but changed back to
182 Phone Inquiry Center on July 1991. In 1999, it expanded from
On
the other hand, the Protection and Support of Missing Children and Others Act
was enacted and announced on May 31, 2005, and enforced by December 1 of the
same year, for the prevention, express recovery, and support of missing
children and their families, in order to in order to prevent the pain in the
families, as well as losses in the society and the state.
Following
the provisions of this Act, the Special Agency for Missing Children was born,
and the Korea Welfare Foundation, which had previously been operating the
3)
Occurrences of Missing Children
When
a child goes missing, parents report the fact to the
(Table
1) <Occurrences
and Outcome of Missing Children Reports>
|
Year |
Reports |
Outcome |
|
|
Returned to Parents |
Not Found |
||
|
2000 (Under 8) |
3,821 |
3,814 |
7 |
|
2001 (Under 8) |
3,076 |
3,071 |
5 |
|
2002 (Under 8) |
2,871 |
2,862 |
9 |
|
2003 (Under 8) |
3,206 |
3,201 |
5 |
|
2004 (Under 8) |
4,064 |
4,063 |
1 |
|
2005 (Under 8) |
2,695 |
2,695 |
0 |
|
2006 (Jan-Jul, under 14) |
3,464 |
3,414 |
50 |
(Data
provided by the National Police Agency, Missing
Before
the execution of the Act, the National Police Agency’s Missing Child Search
Center classified children above the age of 9 as runaway children, and only
included children under the age of 8 as stray children, and the Korea Welfare
Foundation General Child Search Center included all children under the age of
18 in its statistics, based on Article 2 of the Children’s Welfare Act.
In
the table above, the large number of unfound children in the year 2006 is
postulated to be due to the fact that many cases of children between the ages
of 9 and 14 are cases of runaway children.
2.
Problems After Child Disappearance
1)
The Child’s Problems
To
the child, being separated from the parents is not only a cause of extreme
insecurity and stress, but also remains as a lifelong psychological shock,
leading to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in severe cases.
In
particular, the emotional pain from being separated from the parents at an
early age is an unforgettable scar in their personality formation process, and
is an obstacle to children’s healthy growth and development.
2)
The Family’s Problems
(1)
Psychological and Physiological Problems
Longing,
apprehension, anxiety, and distress over the missing child causes emotional
insecurity, and the guilt and self-condemnation from considering the event to
be their own fault causes emotional pain. Self-punishment, and extreme drinking
and smoking as efforts to relieve the psychological struggle lead to
physiological problems as well.
(Table
2) <Experience
with Professional Counseling>
|
|
Cases |
Percentage |
|
Yes |
18 |
30.0 |
|
No |
42 |
70.0 |
|
Total |
60 |
100.0 |
(Data
provided by the
As seen
on Table 2, 30% of parents have never received counseling after disappearance
of the child. This is a simple survey whether counseling occurred or not, but
it is expected that many parents among the ones who did not receive counseling
did in fact need such process.
It
can be safely said that many parents suffered from such mental and physical
problems that they required professional counseling.
(2)
Financial Problems
According
to surveys on change of financial status, more families reported their finances
as worsening (43.5%) than improving (33.9%); the main cause for the
deterioration was the costs associated with searching for the missing child
(69.2%), showing that the missing child causes economic problems to the family
as well.
Due
to the focus on finding the missing child, there is an impact on their living,
and the expenses associated with printing search materials, transportation
costs visiting institutions and reported sighting areas, spiritual costs
(divination, exorcism), and even loss from attempts of fraud against the
family.
(3)
Family Problems
Being
engrossed on the search for the missing child, family members cannot focus on
each other, leading to deterioration of the family relationships and frequent
family troubles, leading to problems with basic living expenses and a difficult
family life, and eventually to separation and disintegration as family members
place the blame on each other.
(Table
3) <Change
in Status of Satisfaction in the Marriage>
|
|
Satisfaction Before Disappearance |
Satisfaction After Disappearance |
||
|
Cases |
Percentage |
Cases |
Percentage |
|
|
Very Satisfied |
9 |
14.5% |
0 |
0% |
|
Satisfied |
24 |
38.7% |
4 |
6.5% |
|
Average |
22 |
35.5% |
46 |
74.2% |
|
Dissatisfied |
3 |
4.8% |
6 |
9.7% |
|
Very Dissatisfied |
2 |
3.2% |
4 |
6.5% |
|
No Answer |
2 |
3.2% |
2 |
3.2% |
|
Total |
62 |
100.0% |
62 |
100.0% |
(Data
provided by the
As apparent
on the survey of degree of satisfaction in marriage before and after the
occurrence of a missing child, the satisfaction in marriage drops after the
disappearance.
(Table
4) <Change
in Frequency of Conjugal Dispute>
|
|
Frequency Before Disappearance |
Frequency After Disappearance |
||
|
Cases |
Percentage |
Cases |
Percentage |
|
|
Very Frequent |
3 |
4.8% |
6 |
9.7% |
|
Frequent |
4 |
6.5% |
7 |
11.3% |
|
Occasional |
16 |
25.8% |
20 |
32.3% |
|
Rare |
24 |
38.7% |
19 |
30.6% |
|
Never |
13 |
21.0% |
7 |
11.3% |
|
No Answer |
2 |
3.2% |
1 |
1.6% |
|
Total |
62 |
100.0% |
62 |
100.0% |
(Data
provided by the
As seen
on Table 4, the change in frequency of dispute among partners increases after
the disappearance of the child. When the cause for dispute is analyzed,
children (54.5%) was the highest cause, and the other reasons were also related
to the child disappearance, such as financial difficulties (12.1%), or the
man’s drinking (9.1%). It can be seen that satisfaction in marriage falls, and
the problem among family members is increasingly more serious.
3)
Problems of the Society
When
missing children are not restored to their homes, the costs associated with
protection and nurturing of the child, as well as the additional costs of the
child’s physiological and psychological problems are a loss of the society.
Furthermore, as families disintegrate due to psychological and financial
difficulties, and separation and divorce increase, the costs of society will
inevitably increase as well.
3.
Analysis of the Missing Child Search Endeavors
1)
Preventive Actions
(1)
Preventive education targeted toward children
The
However,
there is a limitation on the visitation of each care center or kindergarten for
education, and a new method of education must be developed.
(2)
Preventive Education for the Public, Teachers, and Parents
Preventive
literature is published and distributed to inform the public of the importance of
prevention, and workbooks are created for parents and children to easily hold
preventive education, and preventive education manuals for teachers are
distributed to care centers and kindergartens nationwide.
However,
the public is still not aware of the importance of prevention.
No
one knows where and when and how a child will go missing. There has to be a
paradigm shift that missing children is an issue of society that can happen to
anyone.
The
importance and necessity of preventive education must be made known, and new
preventive educational measures must be developed.
(3)
Prevention Campaigns
Campaigns
for attaching missing children prevention nametags on children on stations and
parks is being carried on to notify the public of the importance of prevention.
This campaign is effectuated May 5th each year with the support not
only of the Special Agency for Missing Children, but also of many businesses
and volunteer organizations, and separately by about 40 regional organizations
within the Korea Welfare Foundation.
The
Special Agency for Missing Children also holds displays with photos of missing
children and regular preventive campaigns, and a nametagging
preventive campaign in special activities by service organizations, welfare
organizations, and administrative organizations.
However,
these campaigns are a one-time event, and have small effect. A more regular and
continual campaign must continue for effective preventive advertising.
2)
Finding Missing Children
(1)
Missing Child Report Counseling
When
a child goes missing, the first report is received at the
If
the child is not found within 48 hours, the Special Agency for Missing Children
receives the data, and after consultation with the parents, continues the
search.
However,
there are cases in which panic occurs after the disappearance of the child and
the initial report is delayed, and cases in which the initial report is delayed
because of lack of advertising and awareness of the 182 report center.
(2)
The National Police Agency has commended the Women and Youth Section of the
Regional Police to organize a missing children search team to carry on
investigations. However, the section is also responsible for other tasks, and
the missing child related tasks often fall behind in priority.
(3)
Establishment and Operation of Personal Information Cards and Database for
Children in Care Centers
According
to Article 6 Clause 3 of the Protection and Support of Missing Children and
Others Act, “When a care center is caring for a child without a confirmed
guardian, a personal information card must be filled and submitted to the head
of the regional government. In this case, the head of the regional government
must send a copy of the personal information card to the head of the Special
Agency. According to this law, the Special Agency for Missing Children is
entering the information of all children in care centers with no confirmed
guardians into a database.
However,
the database of personal information cards is involved in many problems in the
current missing child search efforts.
According
to the law, all children with unconfirmed guardians must have their personal
information cards submitted to the Special Agency for Missing Children, but
that is not the reality, and there are many issues with the submissions and
database.
The
causes are the following.
①
Care center workers or public workers are unaware of the obligatory submission
article.
②
In the case of a medical organization, the law conflicts with the patient
personal information protection policy.
③
Children enter a non-registered or religious facility, outside the limits of
the legal reach.
④
Improper succession of responsibilities resulting from frequent changes in
employees.
(4)
Advertising of Photos for the Missing Child through online and offline media
It is
of great importance to publicize the photo of the missing child, along with the
collection of personal information. The photo advertisements have the intended
effect of finding the child, and also the side effect of instilling an
awareness of missing children search efforts in the public.
(Table
5) <Advertising
Type by Media>
|
Media |
Type |
|
Broadcast Media |
Central broadcast, regional broadcast,
cable, home shopping, satellite, closed-circuit, radio, etc. |
|
Published Media |
Notices, flyers, posters, periodicals, magazines,
company literature, packaging materials, etc. |
|
Outdoor Media |
Billboards, placards. |
|
Internet |
Website, webzine, newsletters, etc. |
|
|
SMS messaging service. |
(Data
provided by the
The
advertising media that have publicized photos of the children are in Table 5.
(Table
6) Number
of Participating Organizations in Advertising Missing Children Photos
|
Year |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
|
Participating |
140 |
148 |
145 |
167 |
289 |
485 |
(Data
provided by the
The
number of organizations cooperating to search for missing children is
increasing as well, as shown on Table 6.
During
the past year, 485 organizations participated by showing photos of missing
children, but even more organizations have to participate, and diverse media
have to be used to expose the photos.
(5)
Finding Missing Children through DNA Testing
Searching
for missing children through DNA examinations was proposed by the Korea Welfare
Foundation’s
However,
with the difficulty in testing due to lack of manpower, and the requests of
parents requesting prompt examinations, the DNA testing efforts were
transferred to the National Police Agency in 2004.
Today,
in accordance with legislation, the sampling is done by the National Police
Agency, the personal information database by the Special Agency for Missing
Children, and the testing and DNA data is administered by the National
Institute of Scientific Investigation.
According
to the Special Agency for Missing Children, as of July 21, 2006, a total of
14,913 DNA samples, 14,220 for children and 693 for parents, are in store.
This
DNA testing also shares a similar flaw with the personal information database in
that the missing children cannot be located.
The
low 693 number of parents who have been examined shows that parents are still
not being examined for their DNA.
3)
Support of Missing Child Families
(1)
Case Management
A Case
Management expert will discuss and guide the parents of missing children by
participating in the report, search, reunion, and aftermath, becoming a
systematic supporter. Each report of a missing child will designate a case
manager, and along with the supervisor, will discuss the causes of
disappearance, whether it is a missing or runaway case, the need for visitation
counseling, and other factors through a case judgment meeting. In cases where
visitation counseling are needed, the case manager visits the missing child
family to carry on more detailed counseling, as well as instructions to take
advantage of family, relatives, neighbors, as well as police offices; city,
county, and district administrative offices, care centers, welfare centers,
religious organizations, volunteer organizations, and other support networks.
Frequent check-up phone calls are made, and regular and non-regular visitation
counsels provide the necessary service.
Furthermore,
participation is made to provide services by connecting the family to other
regional resources in order to resolve many other issues within the family, to
support the transportation and financial expenses of the parents as they join
missing child related gatherings, institutions, and official investigations, and
self-help meetings for the parents are organized and operated.
However,
with the manpower currently available, it is difficult to provide deep
administration of all cases nationwide, and there are limitations to the
connections and counseling that can be made with the increasingly numerous
reports each year, as well as difficulties in researching proper service
organizations within the regional community.
(2)
Counseling and Treatment for Post-Restoration Adaptation
After
the child is found and restored, psychological treatment or family treatment,
and other professional counseling treatment and services are provided. Social
adaptation training for the child’s proper adaptation to society, and different
treatment services are provided to help the proper communication between
parents and children.
As
can be seen, many services are provided after a child is found; however, few
families have received or are receiving them
The
cause can be traced to firstly the lack of advertising for the services,
secondly, shortcomings in individualized service, thirdly, lack of proper
funding and a small regional coverage, and fourth, lack of time for services
due to financial difficulties, and fifth, lack of resources in the immediate
region of residence.
4.
The Search for Progress in the Missing Child Search Endeavors
1)
Diverse education and campaigns for prevention
The
yearly campaign on May 5th each year is important, but a regular
campaign, and advertising in billboards and online must continue as a public
service advertising. Furthermore, different news and broadcast media must be
used to drive interest on missing children, and develop a proper public
awareness toward the missing child search endeavor, and advertise to make felt
the importance and necessity of prevention.
As
The
preventive education targeted to children must go beyond the present state of
puppet shows in care centers, and expand to animation media, logos, CI
characters, and other diverse advertising and preventive education methods.
These preventive education materials must be produced in mass, and distributed
to care centers, schools, and internet, to educate and maximize their effect.
Teachers,
and parents must be educated as well, to provide a multiple approach to the
preventive education.
2)
Advertising of the 182 Report Center
The
system is built so that when a child is missing, the report is made to the 182
call center, and 182 enters the data electronically and orders the appropriate
police department to actively search and investigate to find the child. The 182
number may be dialed from anywhere without an area code to receive systematic
help. However, there is very little advertising of the 182 number
The
182 call center must be instilled in people’s minds as a number that can
quickly locate their child, so that they will call immediately for help.
3)
Creation of Special Police Services and Special Investigations Teams for
Missing Children
An
important factor in preventing long-term disappearances is to accurately
determine at time of report whether a case is a case of kidnapping or
allurement, accident, running away, abandonment, or simply disorientation. The
police officer in charge, with ample experience and expertise, must determine
the case immediately and set the course of search and investigation, taking the
proper necessary measures for finding the child. The training of specialized
police officers with experience and knowledge in missing child search is
necessary for a proper evaluation of the case and a more scientific and
systematic investigation.
A
separate missing child special investigation team must be created and placed in
the National Police Agency to dedicate full time to tracking and investigating
missing children, and the missing child police section currently within the
Women and Youth Sector of the regional police agency must also be allowed to
focus full-time on missing children.
4)
Cohesiveness of the Protective Systems after a Child Disappearance
After
the disappearance of a child, the route taken varies by type of disappearance,
but in the case of simple geographic disorientation, the route is as shown in
Table 7.
Normally,
the missing child goes through the police office, the city, county, and
district temporary care centers, and transfers to the long-term care centers.
However,
sometimes they are entered directly into temporary or long-term care centers by
citizens, or are linked to cases of illegal upbringing. Sometimes they are
taken to unregistered facilities, religious facilities, or forced labor camps
from the long-term care centers.
There
are also cases in which the police transfer the child directly to the long-term
care center, particularly in cases where there is no temporary care centers in
the city, county, and district.
Therefore,
when a child is missing, a system that sets a fixed path for the child to
obligatorily go through the temporary care centers, and personal information
collection to occur and be submitted to the Special Agency for Missing
Children, is necessary.
(Table
7) Route
Taken by Missing Children
In
this way, all children who are missing can be found at the temporary care
center. If there is no temporary care center, an existing facility must be
designated to function with the temporary care center capability, and
specialized in that function to professionally and efficiently process missing
children, the institutional child welfare system can mature to a greater
degree. Manuals and work flowcharts must be distributed to related public
employees (police, public workers, care center workers) for this purpose.
5)
Reform of the Support for Eligible Persons through National Basic Living
Security Act
The
National Basic Living Security Act considers children whose guardian cannot be
confirmed to be eligible, and provides them national aid. Some unregistered
facilities and religious facilities, and other unofficial facilities are
abusing this fact to pocket the national aid, and, acting like they are
providing proper aid, in some cases instead keep the children in improper
environments and abuse the children’s rights, and sometimes even threaten their
health and security.
The
method of support must change so that when a child whose guardian is
unidentified is cared for by a facility, an individual personal identification
card must be submitted to the regional government in order to receive the
national aid. The regional government, in turn, must send a copy of the card to
the Special Agency for Missing Children.
6)
Obligatory Confirmation Notice for Missing Children in All Primary Schools
Even
when a missing child is living in an unofficial facility or illegally fostered,
he can enter and attend school if he of the right age. Photo flyers of missing
children must be created in all age groups in primary schools to be sent to
schools, and the teachers and students must examine the school records to check
whether any missing children are attending.
In
the present year, the Special Agency for Missing Children distributed a
publication containing photos of missing children in the elementary school age
group to many schools through the department of education of city and county
asking for confirmation of attendance, but only 17 schools out of the 6,170
total schools cooperated, a rate of 0.27%. This shows that it is possible that
even if photo flyers are distributed, it is not an exaggeration to say that it
would be a simple waste.
Legislative
reform must occur so that each new school year, the Special Agency for Missing
Children creates and distributes photo flyers of children in the proper age
group for each school, and the school head, along with the teachers and
students in each grade, check whether those children are attending the school,
and to report to the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development and
to the Special Agency for Missing Children, as well as posting the flyers on
the announcement board for children to see and report any sightings.
7)
Creation of a Foster Care Policy for Missing Children
When
a child is lost and separated from the parents, there exists an extreme
insecurity and stress, being swept in a lifelong psychological impact. Under
this sudden shock, most important is to relax the child and to harbor an
atmosphere of comfort and support. It is also important to have the knowledge
to know the state of mind of the child, and act accordingly. If these children
stay long-term in a temporary care center or live in a communal facility, the
insecurity will increase, and the mental instability and stress will be
stronger. When these conditions continue for lengthy periods of time, they
result in emotional scarring that lead to many types of handicaps.
A
temporary foster care policy for missing children should be created to have
trained foster carers embrace and care for the child
with motherly love to dissolve the psychological shock, and to quickly treat
any psychological problems easily after restoration to the original family.
A
legal device is necessary for missing children to be cared for by temporary
foster care programs until their parents can be found, and foster care families
must be selected and trained beforehand to care for the missing child in case
of emergency. Also, the child must be helped to be reunited to the parents as
soon as possible through reporting of the personal information, and helping
actively to locate the parents.
8)
Reform of the Personal Information Card Submission and Database
If
all children suspected to be missing had their personal information submitted
into a database, parents would be spared the trouble and effort of visiting
each facility in person, and would lead to a quicker find. However, as
mentioned previously, personal information card submissions and database
entries are not happening properly. Care center workers and city, county, and
district public employees should be made aware and trained that the reporting
of missing children according to legislation is necessary, and the personal
information submission must be made electronically and easily, to contribute to
a smooth process of personal information entry into the database.
For a
perfect 100% submission of personal information cards, unofficial facilities
must be included, and personal and religious centers must stop the illegal
fostering that might occur.
All
missing children must have their DNA examined, and all parents who report a missing
child must be guided and examined for DNA.
9)
Development and Use of Diverse Advertising Media and Programs
Cases
from 2001 to the present, analyzed by factor for reunion, are listed in Table 8
below.
(Table
8) Factor
for
|
|
Information
Card or Personal Visit |
Civilian
or Employee Report |
Advertising
Media |
Police
or Public Office` |
Voluntary |
Miscellaneous |
Total |
|
2001 |
23 |
42 |
37 |
35 |
32 |
29 |
198 |
|
2002 |
24 |
57 |
11 |
52 |
43 |
50 |
237 |
|
2003 |
15 |
20 |
- |
36 |
25 |
23 |
119 |
|
2004 |
16 |
42 |
3 |
48 |
42 |
34 |
185 |
|
2005 |
7 |
21 |
7 |
18 |
10 |
18 |
81 |
|
2006.6 |
2 |
21 |
4 |
71 |
57 |
39 |
194 |
|
Total |
688 |
660 |
544 |
413 |
455 |
365 |
3,125 |
|
Percentage |
22.0% |
21.1% |
17.4% |
13.2% |
14.6% |
11.7% |
100% |
(Data
provided by the
When
we consider that Civilian or Employee Reports are due to advertisement, the
effect of advertising is about 40% (1,204), the highest. Advertising is very
important for locating missing children.
As
mentioned above, more organizations are cooperating for advertising, but more
effective advertising methods must be found to have more missing children’s
pictures to be advertised.
Subsequently,
media already being used should be managed to continue their support, and the
participation process must be simplified and made electronic, in order to have
more organizations willing to advertise missing children’s pictures.
New
methods of advertising must be created, and diverse programs must be formed to
actively search for the missing children.
An
example of a specific program that can be developed and used is as follows:
①
A missing child supporting program that finds missing children through e-mail.
-
When photos of missing children are sent to supporters, they forward it to
acquaintances, informing more people.
② Use of portal sites
- Periodically show children on high-traffic
portal sites, especially emergency missing child photos, and notification
e-mails to members
③ Emergency broadcasting system
- A program for showing missing children on
public television, like the Amber Alert program in the
④ Program using messengers
- Program alarming all users of a missing child
using an instant messenger.
⑤ GPS usage
- Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) or
the communication network of the local authority to locate the position of the
child quickly.
⑥ An Emergency Safety Alarm System
- Similar to the Code Adam in the United States,
a system should be developed for children missing in shopping marts, department
stores, theme parks, and other public places to be found through descriptions
of what the child is wearing, characteristics, and age announcements, and
barring the exits to quickly find the child and return him or her to the
parents.
This
requires a proposal, and an execution manual, for the head of each public place
to cooperate and be expanded to other organizations as well.
10)
Age Progression Program
The
Age Progression Program is a program that can predict a child’s adult face, and
is used in photo advertising in the
11)
Reinforcement of Case Management Personnel
Presently,
the Special Agency for Missing Children is made up of 10 employees.
Furthermore, it is located in
Also,
a realistic and achievable family support policy must be created to give actual
benefits, and emergency aid policies for further support.
12)
Regional Community Support Network Creation and Family Self-Help Meetings
Networks
must be constructed to research regional community resources and provide
necessary services, and contact regional counseling facilities for easy access
to professional counseling service for the families. Parents must organize and
operate self-help meetings to share information, support each other, suggest
measures and alternatives.
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